Kubernetes中Nginx服务启动失败排查流程分析(Error: ImagePullBackOff)

pod节点启动失败，nginx服务无法正常访问，服务状态显示为ImagePullBackOff。

[root@m1 ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                    READY   STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-f89759699-cgjgp   0/1     ImagePullBackOff   0          103m

查看nginx服务的Pod节点详细信息。

[root@m1 ~]# kubectl describe pod nginx-f89759699-cgjgp
Name:             nginx-f89759699-cgjgp
Namespace:        default
Priority:         0
Service Account:  default
Node:             n1/192.168.200.84
Start Time:       Fri, 10 Mar 2023 08:40:33 +0800
Labels:           app=nginx
                  pod-template-hash=f89759699
Annotations:      <none>
Status:           Pending
IP:               10.244.3.20
IPs:
  IP:           10.244.3.20
Controlled By:  ReplicaSet/nginx-f89759699
Containers:
  nginx:
    Container ID:   
    Image:          nginx
    Image ID:       
    Port:           <none>
    Host Port:      <none>
    State:          Waiting
      Reason:       ImagePullBackOff
    Ready:          False
    Restart Count:  0
    Environment:    <none>
    Mounts:
      /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from default-token-zk8sj (ro)
Conditions:
  Type              Status
  Initialized       True 
  Ready             False 
  ContainersReady   False 
  PodScheduled      True 
Volumes:
  default-token-zk8sj:
    Type:        Secret (a volume populated by a Secret)
    SecretName:  default-token-zk8sj
    Optional:    false
QoS Class:       BestEffort
Node-Selectors:  <none>
Tolerations:     node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
                 node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
Events:
  Type     Reason   Age                     From     Message
  ----     ------   ----                    ----     -------
  Normal   BackOff  57m (x179 over 100m)    kubelet  Back-off pulling image "nginx"
  Normal   Pulling  7m33s (x22 over 100m)   kubelet  Pulling image "nginx"
  Warning  Failed   2m30s (x417 over 100m)  kubelet  Error: ImagePullBackOff

发现，获取nginx镜像失败。可能是由于Docker服务引起的。

于是，检查Docker是否正常启动

systemctl status docker

发现，docker服务启动失败，手动尝试重新启动。

systemctl restart docker

但是，重启docker服务失败，出现如下报错信息。

[root@m1 ~]# systemctl restart docker
Job for docker.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status docker.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.

执行systemctl restart docker命令失效。

接着，当执行docker version命令时，发现未能连接到Docker daemon

[root@m1 ~]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.17
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.17.11
 Git commit:        100c701
 Built:             Mon Jun  6 23:03:11 2022
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true
Cannot connect to the Docker daemon at unix:///var/run/docker.sock. Is the docker daemon running?

于是，再次通过执行systemctl status docker命令，查看docker服务未能启动，阅读输出报错信息，如下所示。

[root@m1 ~]# systemctl status docker
● docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Fri 2023-03-10 10:28:16 CST; 4min 35s ago
     Docs: https://docs.docker.com
 Main PID: 2221 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)

Mar 10 10:28:13 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Mar 10 10:28:13 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Mar 10 10:28:13 m1 systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.
Mar 10 10:28:16 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Service RestartSec=2s expired, scheduling restart.
Mar 10 10:28:16 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 3.
Mar 10 10:28:16 m1 systemd[1]: Stopped Docker Application Container Engine.
Mar 10 10:28:16 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Start request repeated too quickly.
Mar 10 10:28:16 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Mar 10 10:28:16 m1 systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.
[root@m1 ~]#

通过上述输出显示，Docker 服务进程的启动失败，状态为 1/FAILURE。

接下来，尝试通过以下步骤来排查和解决问题：

查看 Docker 服务日志：使用以下命令查看 Docker 服务日志，以便更详细地了解失败原因。

sudo journalctl -u docker.service

通过输出Ddocker日志分析，提取到了相关报错信息片段，发现是配置daemon中的/etc/docker/daemon.json配置文件出错导致的。

Mar 10 10:20:17 m1 systemd[1]: Starting Docker Application Container Engine...
Mar 10 10:20:17 m1 dockerd[1572]: unable to configure the Docker daemon with file /etc/docker/daemon.json: invalid character '"' after object key:value pair
Mar 10 10:20:17 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Mar 10 10:20:17 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Mar 10 10:20:17 m1 systemd[1]: Failed to start Docker Application Container Engine.
Mar 10 10:20:19 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Service RestartSec=2s expired, scheduling restart.
Mar 10 10:20:19 m1 systemd[1]: docker.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 2.
Mar 10 10:20:19 m1 systemd[1]: Stopped Docker Application Container Engine.

此时，查看daemon配置文件/etc/docker/daemon.json是否配置正确。

[root@m1 ~]# cat /etc/docker/daemon.json
{	
  # 设置 Docker 镜像的注册表镜像源为阿里云镜像源。
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://w2kavmmf.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
  # 指定 Docker 守护进程使用 systemd 作为 cgroup driver。
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"]
}

咋一看，配置信息没有什么问题，都是正确的，但仔细一看，就会发现应该在"registry-mirrors"选项的结尾添加逗号。犯了缺少逗号（,）导致的语法错误，终于找到了问题根源。

修改后：

[root@m1 ~]# cat /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://w2kavmmf.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"]
}

[root@m1 ~]# cat /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://w2kavmmf.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"]
}

按下:wq报错退出。

重新加载系统并重新启动Docker服务

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart docker
systemctl status docker

检查docker版本信息是否输出正常

[root@m1 ~]# docket version
-bash: docket: command not found
[root@m1 ~]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.17
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.17.11
 Git commit:        100c701
 Built:             Mon Jun  6 23:03:11 2022
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          20.10.17
  API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.17.11
  Git commit:       a89b842
  Built:            Mon Jun  6 23:01:29 2022
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.6.6
  GitCommit:        10c12954828e7c7c9b6e0ea9b0c02b01407d3ae1
 runc:
  Version:          1.1.2
  GitCommit:        v1.1.2-0-ga916309
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0

[root@m1 ~]# docker info
Client:
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false
 Plugins:
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Docker Buildx (Docker Inc., v0.8.2-docker)
  scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.17.0)

Server:
 Containers: 20
  Running: 8
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 12
 Images: 20
 Server Version: 20.10.17
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: xfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
  userxattr: false
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: systemd
 Cgroup Version: 1
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: io.containerd.runc.v2 io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 10c12954828e7c7c9b6e0ea9b0c02b01407d3ae1
 runc version: v1.1.2-0-ga916309
 init version: de40ad0
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 4.18.0-372.9.1.el8.x86_64
 Operating System: Rocky Linux 8.6 (Green Obsidian)
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 2
 Total Memory: 9.711GiB
 Name: m1
 ID: 4YIS:FHSB:YXRI:CED5:PJSJ:EAS2:BCR3:GJJF:FDPK:EDJH:DVKU:AIYJ
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Registry Mirrors:
  https://w2kavmmf.mirror.aliyuncs.com/
 Live Restore Enabled: false

至此，Docker服务重启成功，pod节点恢复正常，Nginx服务能够正常访问。

[root@m1 ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-f89759699-cgjgp   1/1     Running   0          174m

查看pod详细信息，显示正常。

[root@m1 ~]# kubectl describe pod nginx-f89759699-cgjgp
Name:             nginx-f89759699-cgjgp
Namespace:        default
Priority:         0
Service Account:  default
Node:             n1/192.168.200.84
Start Time:       Fri, 10 Mar 2023 08:40:33 +0800
Labels:           app=nginx
                  pod-template-hash=f89759699
Annotations:      <none>
Status:           Running
IP:               10.244.3.20
IPs:
  IP:           10.244.3.20
Controlled By:  ReplicaSet/nginx-f89759699
Containers:
  nginx:
    Container ID:   docker://88bdc2bfa592f60bf99bac2125b0adae005118ae8f2f271225245f20b7cfb3c8
    Image:          nginx
    Image ID:       docker-pullable://nginx@sha256:aa0afebbb3cfa473099a62c4b32e9b3fb73ed23f2a75a65ce1d4b4f55a5c2ef2
    Port:           <none>
    Host Port:      <none>
    State:          Running
      Started:      Fri, 10 Mar 2023 10:37:42 +0800
    Ready:          True
    Restart Count:  0
    Environment:    <none>
    Mounts:
      /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from default-token-zk8sj (ro)
Conditions:
  Type              Status
  Initialized       True 
  Ready             True 
  ContainersReady   True 
  PodScheduled      True 
Volumes:
  default-token-zk8sj:
    Type:        Secret (a volume populated by a Secret)
    SecretName:  default-token-zk8sj
    Optional:    false
QoS Class:       BestEffort
Node-Selectors:  <none>
Tolerations:     node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
                 node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
Events:
  Type    Reason   Age                   From     Message
  ----    ------   ----                  ----     -------
  Normal  BackOff  58m (x480 over 171m)  kubelet  Back-off pulling image "nginx"
[root@m1 ~]#